Cigarette Smoking The Deadliest Artifact Ever Invented

The cigarette is the deadliest artifact ever invented. Cigarettes execute around 6 million individuals consistently, a number that will develop before it contracts. Smoking in the twentieth century slaughtered just 100 million individuals, though a billion could die in our century unless we turn around course.1 Even if present rates of utilization drop consistently to zero by 2100, we will in any case have around 300 million tobacco passing this century. The cigarette is additionally a blemished item, which means risky as well as absurdly perilous, slaughtering a large portion of its long haul clients. The usage of cigarettes is the real reason for preventable and sudden passing and sickness around the world, as per the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarettes smoking harms nearly every organ within the body, making it harder for the body to function, which will cause some type of environmental problem. Cigarette smoking should be banned, period, because it leads to heal th risks of yourself and others. Cigarettes are a cylindrical roll of finely cut tobacco cured of smoking, considerably smaller than most cigars and usually wrapped in thin white paper. At the point when a cigarette is lit and begins to blaze it discharges more than 4000 diverse chemicals. The cigarette is lighted toward one side and permitted to seethe; its smoke is breathed in from the flip side, which is held in or to the mouth; at times, a cigarette holder might be utilized, also. â€Å"The first

Advertisment Free Essays

Whether we find advertisements on radio, television, Internet, newspapers, or roads, they have become a part of our daily life. Basically, wherever we look, we will certainly find an advertisement that Is somewhere. Advertisements are a tool to promote a certain product in various ways so it can reach potential customers or just to inform people of what product they produce. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Frank (2005) illustrates that advertisements seek to convince costumers to buy products. Advertisers use it publish advertisements Just to manipulate the people without taking in consideration if it is ethical or not. So, advertisers manipulate people by the use of weasel word, and pathos. Words have the power that can Inspire and attract humans. Advertisers use words to convince customers to buy their product, but they can’t advertise words that break the law in their country. So advertisers found a way that will prevent them from a facing legal action which is weasel words. Weasel words â€Å"appear to say one thing when in fact they say the opposite or nothing at all,† (Lutz, 2012, p. 248). This means that weasel words imply something, but in reality nothing has been said or eel Information has been delivered. Let’s take the phrase â€Å"Up to 50% or whatever percentage off’ as an example. First when we read this, we think and look only on the number 50% because it means it is half of the original price and we ignore the phrase â€Å"up to† which is the most important part. â€Å"Up to† is a misleading statement that does not mean exactly the number that comes after it, but it means that, for example, the discount can either be 30, 20 percent or no discount at all. This statement is technically correct, but it tricks and misleads people by the number that allows. Advertising can effectively manipulate people by weasel words through many ways as people Just pay attention the words that come after the weasel word. Though weasel words perhaps the most common way of manipulating people, there is another technique used in the advertising manipulation, which is the use of pathos. Pathos is considered as one of the most powerful tool that can easily change one’s emotions toward something. Armstrong (2010) explained that advertisement can achieve the satisfaction of consumers when they use the product by using emotional element In advertising. Manipulate people through emotions Is an effective way to mislead people because people can’t refuse or Ignore emotions. Let’s take the example of women being concerned about their appearance. Not just that, but also what they are required to do in order to be perfect. Advertisers use this weakness to promote cream products in which they show women how they are going to look after using the product. They promote the ads in many places, especially In fashion magazines, as they know that women like to read this type of magazines. As a result, omen go ahead and buy the product beveling that It will benefit them. After using it, they realize that they have been fooled by the advertisement. The problem here is that they know that the cream wont change anything, but the emotional appeal they face forces and convinces them to buy it. Another example is the use of celebrities to promote a certain product. Advertisers use celebrities to try and play with their emotions. When a female, especially a teenage girl, sees her lovely celebrity wearing something new or anything related to the new fashion, she Is very likely to try to liberty ‘look and are given tips on how to ‘get her look† (2012, p 92). Moreover, they did not only find a way to manipulate females, but also they are targeting males. Even though men are less emotional, but when it comes to women portraying a product in a certain way, their emotions start to emerge. â€Å"In advertising, the use of highly attractive models is believed to be effective in increasing sales† (TTS Change, 2007, p. 1). For example, my friend wanted to buy an off-road light from eBay. When he searched, many products appeared to him and all of them were at the same price. One of the advertisements was a woman carrying the light. Once he saw this, he was attracted to the advertisement, which made him buy this particular product and not any of the rests. Hence, advertisers know exactly where they can trick people, especially by targeting their emotions. However, though advertisements are known to manipulate people, it is important to know that it has a positive side. Advertisements can be informative somehow. For instance, there are many advertisements about health, government services, and new products. Advertisements create awareness about useful events and donation aiming. For example, as people know, donating blood is very important because it can save a life. So, through advertisements, we can know when and where we can donate. Also, it keeps us updated with the latest technology. For example, when Mercedes-Benz released the new S-Class model, they informed us about the new functions are included in the new model. After all, advertisements are here Just to inform us and tell us about the products and services that are available. Also it is a consumer’s decision to buy or not because it is their responsibility to distinguish teen harmful and beneficial advertisements. But in reality, some people do not want to think before buying. They rush quickly after they see the ad without even thinking for a second. In addition to that, it does not make the advertisement innocents because they are really manipulating us to buy their products. They have to recognize that it is not ethical, and the government should censor the content of advertisements, which will prevent them from using the techniques that I mentioned above and also other hidden ways they use to manipulate us. In conclusion, advertisements have a negative impact on people. How to cite Advertisment, Papers

Healthcare Services Of Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania -Samples

Question: Discuss about the Healthcare Services Of Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania. Answer: Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania is the second oldest public hospital in Australia which also collaborates with the University of Tasmania and serves as a teaching hospital. In spite of its reputation, The Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania faces many difficulties while carrying out their healthcare services. The hospital is overcrowded with patients seeking medical help and they fail to provide them adequate accommodation (Morley et al., 2017). The nurses often complain of the overcrowded emergency unit of the hospital and they had taken the initiative to solve the problem but were prevented from doing so. The escalation policies that are formed to mend the problem are ineffective. The Hobart Hospital Tasmania are facing problems related to occupational health problems and their safety, the safety and well being of their patient. The hospital lacks adequate amount of beds to accommodate this huge number of the patients who come here to seek medical help in the emergency unit (Walsh et al., 2016). The lack of adequate number of the beds is creating pressure and they discharge patients rather than admitting them in the hospital. These problems result in the long waiting time in the emergency unit in the Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania. This also increases the risk of deterioration in the patients condition admitted with severe illness as they had to wait for a long time for the specialists to attend them. The hospital is running lack of funding which is preventing them to solve the problems they are facing regularly and they fail to provide the required healthcare to the community (Fedele, 2017). The number of patients in emergency unit does not get the required services and it often leads to the death of the older patient. Brief description of the types of information / evidence that you collected (try to limit one type of information for each row) Explain how did you collect this specify type of information and/or sources from which the information / evidence were accessed. If you did not complete this step or were unable to collect all information as planned. Please briefly explain why Lack of adequate beds for the patients These evidences are collected from the head nurses and the senior staff member of the hospital. I also interacted with the patients and help them to share their problems. The information was successfully collected. Lack of funding for the arrangement of the beds and other requirements. This information is provided by the hospital supervisor. The information was collected successfully. Overcrowded hospital premises with the patients in emergency unit. The information collected by the attending nurses who are in charge of the emergency unit. The information was collected successfully and the situation was analyzed according to the gathered information. The information was gathered by talking with the patients at first and I helped them to share the problems that they are facing during their treatments. Next I took information from the patients family, attending nurses and the doctors. The hospital supervisors were also interrogated and some of the information was collected regarding the problems that the hospital is facing. The analysis requires the information related to the number of deaths occurring due to the lack of the accommodation in the emergency unit. The study of these death rates and age groups of the suffering population must be noted in order to assess the present scenario of the hospital. The unwillingness of the hospital management to reveal the exact the number of the deaths occurring due to their inefficiency is becoming a serious problem in analyzing. The threats that the hospital are facing are not clearly revealed. The information regarding their budget problem was not clearly stated which is also becoming a barrier in proceeding with the analysis. This information is necessary in order to bring forth the different strategies and suggesting a number of interventions that the hospital management can adopt to improve their standard of health care services. The information that is not collected properly are of much help and it would promote the services provided by the specialists. The nurses and the healthcare staffs though sharing their problems but unwilling to reveal the inefficiency from their part. The information related to the number of untrained nurses could not be gathered. This also proves to be another important information as the patients admitted to the emergency unit could not get the proper service along with the bed block problems (Richardson, 2017). Interventions could not be suggested regarding this problem and the death rates would increase. In spite of being the second oldest and reputed hospital in Australia, the Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania continues to face major problems (Chang Daly, 2015). The problems include the lack of adequate number of beds, the lack of funding of the hospital authorities and their disability to arrange the same and the exceeding number of populations seeking medical help that outnumbers the bed. The main reason is the numbers of people who are admitted in the emergency unit outnumber the beds available (Singleton, Huang Porter, 2014). This increases the waiting time of the patient and worsen their condition as they could not get an immediate help from the specialists. The patients are found to lie on the floor for hours untreated due to the bed blocks. Evidences from various reports by the physicians of Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania reveal that the state budget of 2017 is incapable of handling the pressure of admissions in winter. The association chairman of the Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania claimed that required measures have not been adopted to deal with the bed blocks in the emergency unit (Sinha, Page, 2015). The state budget does not meet the problems of bed surge and they will be incapable of admitting the huge number of patients in their hospital in the winters. Another problem they will be facing when they will demolish one of their blocks in their hospital premises. These will create more bed block problems for the next few more months. The ramping of the ambulance and the under-staffing are the two other problems that accompany the bed block problem of the Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania (Thomas et al., 2014). This problem made the hospital one of the poor service providers to the people seeking emergency medical help. The chronic underfunding of the hospital makes the patients suffer from serious complications that even lead to their death. The Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania Medical Staff Association in collaboration with other organizations like Australian Medical Association and the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation have raised their concerns about this problems faced by the hospital in a joint statement. A huge number of patients are dying because of this bed block problem which is the outcome of the lack of funding by the government (Keijzers et al., 2015). The government is not taking the initiative to provide adequate funding to the hospital so that they can arrange for beds and provide better service to their patients in an emergency. The change in the population is making the Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania inefficient and incapable of providing the desired medical services because of the lack of staffs, accommodations and the equipments available (Campbell, Stirling Cummings, 2017). The state government has assured to provide fund in a short time projects that would help them to expand the intensive care unit for the neonatal and upgrading them which includes the beds in the ICU departments in the paediatric unit of the hospital. A vast number of population seeking medical help are greatly affected as the hospital management could provide accommodations to them. The old people are often seen lying on the floor for hours untreated. The condition often worsens as the patients in the emergency unit do not get the immediate services from the doctors (Cadilhac et al., 2017). They need to wait for long hours in order to get services from the specialists and their physical condition gets deteriorated which often results in the death of the patient. Patients who are admitted in the psychiatry unit suffer from the lack of attending staffs in the unit (Porter Singleton, 2017). The standards of the existing nurses are not up to the mark and they seek knowledge in this field. Report evidences from The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists submitted to the Upper House states that this unit of the hospital also lacks bed and the services from the specialists for the young patients who are admitted to t his unit. The Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania faces major problems while carrying out public healthcare services. These problems include the lack of beds in the hospital which lead to the bed block problem, lack of efficient staffs in some of the units like the psychiatry unit, lack of equipments, underfunding and many more. The hospital management is seeking help from the state governments in order to overcome their problem. Interventions are adopted for the development of the hospital. A two phase planning for the development has been carried out by the Department of Health and Human Services in collaboration with Health Planning consultants Conrad Gargett Architecture of Brisbane (Campbell, Stirling Cummings, 2017). The project includes a primary analysis of the population seeking emergency help form the hospital, the demand of the services delivered by them and many more (Sharman et al., 2017). This phase one program enables to resolve the urgent needs of providing the adequate number of beds to accommodate the patients in the emergency unit and the promotion of the services that is meant to the be delivered to the patients. The strategies for the improvement of the hospital include the modification in the role of the administrators of the hospitals and the clinical facilities. Steps must be taken by the hospital authorities to provide proper training to the nurses attending the psychiatric unit in order to improve the standard of the medical help to the young people who are being admitted in this unit. A number of patients who are admitted to the Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania have taken the initiative to form a group and detail their concerns. These will be of much help to the hospital to improve their drawbacks in their services. The hospital authorities have taking initiative to provide an on-site training accommodation for the nurses so that they would also be able to attend the patients while carrying on their training. They have also proposed to form The Ambulatory Care Unit which would help to provide services like injections, infusion of the drugs and other such medical services to the non-admitted patients (Xu et al., 2015). This initiative from the hospital would minimize the number of patients who are seeking emergency help and expand their limit of providing the service. The hospital management must give priority to the funding of the health system. The lack of funding is making them inefficient in providing standard health services to the patients admitted to the emergency unit. The provision of the adequate funding to the Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania from the state government may help to improve their services. The increased funding would enable them to arrange for more beds, thus increasing the number of rooms and beds to accommodate more number of patients in the emergency unit (Chan, 2014). The pressure on the emergency department of the hospital can be minimized by opening a number of beds which would increase the number of patients to be admitted in this department. This would also help to provide better and immediate healthcare service to the sick people. They should also ensure that the doctors, nurses and other staffs related to the healthcare services of the hospital possess the required qualifications, skills and that they are capable o f providing a high standard of health care to the patients admitted to the emergency unit. The above discussion states the major problem faced by the Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania, the second oldest public hospital providing healthcare to the people. They are incapable of providing a standard medical help to their patient as they lack adequate accommodations and often the patients outnumber the beds. This creates bed block problem. They also lack the required funding and trained high standard nurses and the patients need to wait for the long time in the emergency unit for the specialists. This worsens their health condition and a number of people die due to this. The hospital management has taken various intervention strategies and is working on them to improve their services. The initiative of opening a number of new beds, collaborating with the state government for funds and appointing standard nurses and specialists of required knowledge would help to improve their services. Thus to conclude, The Royal Hobart Hospital Tasmania in other words are trying to improve their healthcare approaches by increasing the number of beds and specialist nurses. References Cadilhac, D. A., Kilkenny, M. F., Levi, C. R., Lannin, N. A., Thrift, A. G., Kim, J., ... Faux, S. G. (2017). Risk-adjusted hospital mortality rates for stroke: evidence from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (AuSCR).The Medical Journal of Australia,206(8), 345-350. Campbell, B., Stirling, C., Cummings, E. (2017). Continuity matters: Examining the information gapin transfer from Residential Aged Care, ambulance to emergency triage in southern Tasmania.International emergency nursing,32, 9-14. Chan, T. (2014). Australasian College for Emergency Medicine 30th Annual Scientific Meeting.Emergency Medicine Australasia,26, 1-21. Chang, E., Daly, J. (2015).Transitions in Nursing-E-Book: Preparing for Professional Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Fedele, R. (2017). Lean on me: The challenges and opportunities facing mental health nursing.Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal,25(2), 14. Keijzers, G., Klim, S., Graham, C. A., Craig, S., Kuan, W. S., ... Laribi, S. (2015). Asia, Australia and New Zealand Dyspnoea in Emergency Departments (AANZDEM) study: rationale, design and analysisKelly, A. M.,.Emergency Medicine Australasia,27(3), 187-191. Morley, C., Stankovich, J., Peterson, G., Kinsman, L. (2017). Planning for the future: emergency department presentation patterns in Tasmania, Australia.International Emergency Nursing. Porter, K. E., Singleton, J. (2017). Turning the heat up on admissions: The impact of extreme heat events on hospital admissions.Prehospital and Disaster Medicine,32(S1), S35-S36. Sharman, M., Hensher, M., Wilkinson, S., Williams, D., Palmer, A., Venn, A., Ezzy, D. (2017). What are the support experiences and needs of patients who have received bariatric surgery?.Health Expectations,20(1), 35-46. Singleton, J. A., Huang, C., Porter, K. E. (2014). Turning up the Heat on Admissions: A Study of the Impacts of Extreme Heat Events on Tasmanian Hospital Admissions 2003-2010. Sinha, S. N., Page, W. (2015). Interns' Day in Surgery: improving intern performance through a simulation?based course for final year medical students.ANZ journal of surgery,85(1-2), 27-32. Thomas, R. L., Zubair, M. Y., Hayes, B., Ashby, M. A. (2014). Goals of care: a clinical framework for limitation of medical treatment.Med J Aust,201(8), 452-5. Walsh, K., Campbell, S., Ashby, M., Procter, S. (2016). Public anxiety and health policy: A psychodynamic perspective.Social Theory Health,14(4), 493-509. Xu, S., Alexander, K., Bryant, W., Cohen, N., Craig, M. E., Forbes, M., ... Howard, G. (2015). Healthcare professional requirements for the care of adult diabetes patients managed with insulin pumps in Australia.Internal medicine journal,45(1), 86-93. Campbell, B., Stirling, C., Cummings, E. (2017). Continuity matters: Examining the information gapin transfer from Residential Aged Care, ambulance to emergency triage in southern Tasmania.International emergency nursing,32, 9-14. Richardson, S. (2017). Risk Recognition: Rationing Emergency Department Care as a Response to Overcrowding.Prehospital and Disaster Medicine,32(S1), S34-S35

Magnesium Oxide Chemistry Report free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment is to perform an experiment of the combustion of magnesium and gather precise data of masses and find the number of moles of the substance through the stoichiometry mole equation in order to evaluate the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. In chemistry, compounds can be-be distinguished by using the empirical formula. The formula gives the simplest positive ratio integer ratio elements in a compound. The American formula is largely used in determining the ratio of elements within ionic compounds where the structure is of no-directional nature of bonding where any ion at any time could be surrounded by 4,6 or 8 oppositely charged ions.Which creates a pattern of an endless repeating lattice of ions they do not exist as a free unit of atoms but in a crystal lattice with repeating ions in specific ratios which is why the empirical formula is used as a form of identification for defining an ionic-bonded substance. We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium Oxide Chemistry Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The predicted formula of magnesium oxide is MgO from knowledge of the periodic table and understanding of bonding. In order to determine the empirical formula, for when two reactants undergo a chemical reaction. the number of moles from of each element that combines together to form a compound must be found. The value of moles of the different atoms in a compound is needed. The number of particles, in one mole in a substance is defined as the number of atoms within 12 grams of C12. Mole is a unit used to measure the number of atoms, it can be compared to the unit dozen which is used to refer to anything that has a value of 12. One mole is 6ÃÆ' x 1023 atoms or molecules and this unit is known as the Avogadro number. In order to determine the formulae by experiment, Magnesium metal (strip) is heated in air until it is combined by oxygen creating magnesium oxide.The combustion of magnesium will give data which can be used to calculate the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. The amount of oxygen can be determined by the law of conversation of mass; as the oxygen will react with the magnesium ribbon to produce a measure amount of magnesium oxide. Which can be converted into mole do find the simplest molar ratio giving the empirical formula of magnesium. The valence bond theory is a chemical bonding theory that uses Lewis structures, to demonstrate how bonds are formed using shared electrons between overlapping orbitals on adjacent atoms. An ionic compound is formed by movement of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal which means an octet has be produced from remain ions. During this process the number of protons does not change; using the periodic table we can see that metal atoms in Groups 1-3 lose electrons to non-metal atoms with 5-7 electrons missing in the outer level.

Deciding for the bomb essays

Deciding for the bomb essays There are many reasons that the Atomic bomb was used on Japan. There are many that criticize the bombing, but I support it. The main reasons for President Harry Truman decided to drop the bomb were, to save lives (American Lives), to bring about a quicker resolution to the war, and to send a message to the world that we now had military supremacy. Growing up in a military family, (with a dad a Vietnam vet, and a grandfather who would have fought in Japan if we had invaded), may have biased my personal opinions, but in my mind it is all a matter of numbers when it comes to war. War is a matter of how many lives each side has to waste, and who runs low first generally surrenders. War is hate by it's own nature. It is a hate that reaches to the core of every citizen, of each side, at some level. I do not believe the bomb was dropped in hate, but in a step toward peace, saving perhaps more lives, than the bombs killed. When looking at the Japanese, I agree with Fussell, on his ideas that the Japanese citizens were going to continue to fight for their side, even when the ranks of their army had been depleted. At this we see Fussell reference images of children and women with bamboo spears fighting our troops, which very well could have been a reality, but possibly more horrific with perhaps suicide bombings as seen in other later wars. The honor these people feel for their country and heritage drives them so much. To give up, and especially giving up the emperor, would have been turning their back on their culture, and this dishonor they could not stand for. They had the belief in them that they were right and their own hate fueled them enough to be admirable fighters. A culture with beliefs such as Hare-Kari, (the precursor to kamikaze) and high values of honor, they were not simply going to give up. The fighting would have continued, and many more troops would have lost their lives. The b omb was ...

6+ Websites and Tools for Your Finance Homework the Wolf of Wall Street Would Approve

6+ Websites and Tools for Your Finance Homework the Wolf of Wall Street Would Approve 6+ Websites and Tools for Your Finance Homework the Wolf of Wall Street Would Approve Economic papers have some distinctive features that you have to take into account while writing a finance homework. The most important thing in creating such kind of assignments is to be an analytical and precise thinker, meaning the person who is savvy in the economic studies. If you find some general finance articles online and try to write in the same way the information is given there, that will be one of the points your professors will lower your grade for because you can’t appear as a journalist or copywriter. You need to look like a true economist who knows what he/she’s talking about. Moreover, it is essential to know about the peculiarities of the economic writing style: Using present tense; Going for active voice; Not employing dramatic verbs and adjectives; Avoiding abbreviations and contractions; Writing short sentences; Not generating filler text; Etc. These are not all requirements, but they are the main ones. After upgrading your knowledge about the economic writing style, you need to find decent sources and tools to use only reliable data for backing up your statements. And guess what? We have already found several ones for you. 1.  Stock Market Simulator This is a great opportunity for you if you wish to write a finance paper within the stock market domain. This simulator grants you $100 000 of virtual money (you don’t need to invest anything whatsoever), and you can play with this capital buying stocks, investing, etc. just to feel like you’re doing everything for real and train your decision-making skills. 2.  Economic History Any economic paper needs a base or reference to its past. In this online resource you will find precise statistics, profound and trustworthy data together with analytical articles. 3.  The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics This encyclopedia was created by several economics enthusiasts who are fond of this sphere and want to share some valuable information with the world. There you can spot articles written by economists, but the information is given in such a manner so that even a non-economist would understand the main points. 4.  ReadyRatios.com This is an online software that evaluates financial statements. It is paid, but there are some free features. If the topic of your finance paper is the analysis of a financial position of some company, this tool is a perfect helper in your case. 5.  Online Calculators There 10 different calculators that can help you estimate incomes, social security taxes, budgets, pension returns, etc. They are interactive and free to use. 6.  Yahoo Finance This is a database of reports, articles and economic forecasts about international state of affairs in the sphere of finance. It contains high quality and credible information, and, most importantly, it’s free. It is a very good tool to use for academic purposes as it provides you with valuable data for your research. Use these online instruments for writing finance papers and produce readable as well as interesting content! P.S. Have your own economic tools that you use for the finance studies? Share them with our homework writing service!

Di box Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Di box - Lab Report Example The basic function was to enable the sound engineers to lay long lines of three core balanced cable between musicians and the engineer, who might be seated at the far end of the venue. In order to send him proper and noiseless signals, one would require balanced lines with high impedance. But the electric guitar, bass guitar, electric keyboard or the drum machine outputs are all unbalanced and low impedance outputs of around 50 kilo ohms. In order to convert it into impedances of around 3 kilo ohms, DI boxes are employed. They basically consist of an impedance matching transformer. A transformer consists of two coils – the primary and the secondary. The number of turns in each actually determines whether it is a step-up, a step-down or just an isolating transformer. Having a transformer also serves another very important purpose – isolation between the input and output signals. This helps to keep the expensive musical instruments out of the way of damage by the intrusio n of unwanted electrical impulses such as an accidentally switched on phantom power in the mixing console. In DI boxes, however, a step-down transformer is used. The number of turns in the primary coil is more than in the secondary coil. Therefore lesser amount of current is induced in the secondary coil, resulting in a mic level output (around -30dBV), from a line level input (around -10dBV).

Marketing youself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing youself - Essay Example From last phase of 2008 onward labour market is in a pathetic condition. Though the data relies by government and non-government agencies reveals that many companies started recruitment phase, but this is mostly at the lower level and for the employees belonging to the age group of 19-24 years. The important grounds for selection of these workers are Communication skill (54%), professional qualification (41%) and work ethics (39%). It has been declared that just 15 percent of the employees will receive a review in their pays in the year 2009. Only 8% of the companies are planning to heir migrant employees and these should be highly skilled (ICPD, 2009). The labour market in UK is composed of 31.23 million people as of 2008. Approximately, 1.3 % of this population is engaged in agriculture, 24.2% in the industry and 74.5 5 in the services industry. The unemployment rate of the country is about 5.6% as of 2008. (CIA World Factbook, 2009). UK has seen major ups and downs with regards to its employment rates. The percentage of the working population has however seen a northward trend since 1993. The report also states that the country spends the lowest amount towards the active based market programs when compared with other countries. UK spends less than 0.4% on its labour market programs as a percentage of the GDP which is much lower than its other counterparts in Europe. The reason for this can be attributed to the astounding success of the economy of the nation which has seen continuous periods of growth for about 57 quarters. Secondly there is very limited regulation and limits on the labour market. (Cort, n.d.). The recent economic downturn has taken its toll on the job market in UK. The unemployment rates have risen sharply. The latest figures released by the government shows that the total number of unemployed people in UK is about 2.26 million as of 2009. Analysts predict that these figures

Organic Foods in India Essay Example for Free

Organic Foods in India Essay Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the consumers’ decision-making process for purchase of organically produced foods in India Design/methodology/approach – Using already existing research model and scale, forming hypothesis, and testing its validity in Indian context. Using convenient sampling (Tier 1, 2 B school Graduates) to gather data for factor loading. Type of Research – Descriptive Research Introduction Organic production system is a system that produces organic foods in harmony with nature and the environment. In other words, this is a unique system which ensures that the â€Å"best practices† in the area of production are utilized to ensure that the output is a healthy and safe apart from having a positive symbiotic effect with the environment. Thus, one can say in lay man’s terms that an organic food product is one that has been produced using only natural agents in the production process. For the vast majority of human history, food has been produced organically. It was only during the 20th century that new synthetic chemicals were introduced to the food supply. Under organic production process, the use of conventional non-organic pesticides, insecticides and herbicides is heavily regulated. In the case of livestock, they are reared without the routine use of antibiotics and growth hormones. Scenario in India Organic foods are fast changing from a fad to a serious proposition in India. Today, the reach of organic foods is expanding to gradually find its way into the average Indian household. An indicative reason for the same is the rising health consciousness among Indian consumers. Pegged at Rupees 6. 5 billion in 2010, the organic food market is witnessing the shift from being an elitist to a healthy product. Although production and consumption figures for organic food in India are way behind the world average, the market is now showing signs of a strong growth trend. Slowly the deterrent of high price is being out-weighed by nutrition, quality and a chance to shape a safe environment. The organic food products market has been continuously facing the issue of absence of recognizable brands, small range of products, high prices and faulty government policies and a general lack of retail presence which has translated to low demand in the domestic market. In spite of this industry players are optimistic about the future prospects, as they are of the opinion that this industry holds a lot of promise. The export industry remains undeveloped with most producers being either small or marginal farmers, small cooperatives or trade fair companies. The small farmers, scattered across the country, offer an incomplete product range that are mostly available as a local brand. This is especially an issue in developed countries where the shelves of an average supermarket is stocked with a large range of certified organic foods. Problem Statement The question on everyone’s mind is where exactly is the organic food industry falling short? What are the main factors that influence a consumer’s decision to purchase organic foods? The fact of the matter is that this area has suffered from lack of interest/attention and a very low level of research. Thus, our Problem Statement is as follows â€Å"What influences the decision to buy organic food products in India? † Research objective The purpose of this assignment is to understand the primary influencers that motivate our target study group of individuals belonging to the upper middle-class category in their decision to buy organic foods products in India. Since the students of the top B-Schools either belong to or will be a part of the aforementioned category and will be starting new families, they are part of core prospective customer segment for this market. Hence, we have decided to focus our research on them. Literature Review Scope This research study focuses on understanding the primary influencers motivate our subjects (individuals from the upper middle class category) to buy organic foods. Students of B-Schools are from diverse backgrounds and origins. Most belong to the upper middle class category and we can safely assume that those that aren’t will be a part after they graduate. Moreover, they are also in that stage of life where they start a family of their own and assume additional personal responsibilities. This makes them appropriate subjects for this study. This study will analyse their responses with respect to knowledge about and attitude towards organic food, and their sensitivity to the health and environmental benefits associated with it. Sources and their Details: Honkanen, P. (2006), â€Å"Ethical values and motives driving organic food choice†, Journal of Consumer Behaviour , 5, pp. 420-430 The paper tries to investigate the role of ethical motives in consumers choice of organic food. The relation between ethical food choice motives, attitudes and intention to consume organic food was studied by estimating a structural equation model. We were able to comprehend ethical motives better and were thus able to incorporate it under environmental Consciousness. Donovan, P. , McCarthy R. (2002), â€Å"Irish Consumer preference for organic meat†, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 No. 3/4/5, pp. 353-370 The paper tries to examine Irish perception of organic meat. It identified three consumer groups. Beliefs and purchase intentions of consumers and non-consumers were differentiated. Proposed factors leading to purchase intention were Health Consciousness, Perceived value, Income and environmental concern. After validation checks they had had to make the constructs less abstracts due to low values. Aertsens, J. , Verbeke, W. , Mondelaers, K. , and Huylenbroeck, G. V. (2009), â€Å"Personal determinants of organic food consumption: a review†, British Food Journal, Vol. 111 No. 10, pp. 1140-1167 It uses theliterature concerning personal determinants of organic food consumption. This is the ? rst paper providing a comprehensive overview and linking the literature on organic food consumption to the values theory and the theory of planned behaviour, including the role of personal norm and focusing on emotions. The proposed integration of mental processing in an organic food consumption model leads to interesting hypotheses and recommendations for policy makers, researchers and stakeholders involved in the organic food market. Padel, S. , Foster, C. (2005), â€Å"Exploring the gap betweenattitudes and behaviour, Understanding why consumers buy or do notbuyorganic food†, British Food Journal, Vol. 107 No. 8, pp. 606-625 Its results show that most consumers associate organic at ? rst with vegetables and fruit and a healthy diet with organic products. Fruit and vegetables are also the ? rst and in many cases only experience with buying organic product. The decision-making process is complex and the importance of motives and barriers may vary between product categories. The motives and barriers provided herein helped us in adapting the survey questionnaire. Baker, S. (2004), â€Å"Mapping the values driving organic food choice, Germany vs the UK†, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38 No.8, pp. 995-1012. This study explores the reasons why the behaviour of consumers in the UK and Germany has been so divergent despite both groups of consumers holding similar attitudes about organic foods. This was done by investigating the underlying values driving food choice behaviour using means-end theory and Laddermap 5. 4 software. The dominant means-end hierarchies were uncovered and the cognitive process mapped. {draw:frame} Makatouni, A. (2002), â€Å"What motivates consumers to buy organic food in the UK? , Results from a quantitative study† , British Food Journal, Vol. 104 No. 3/4/5, pp. 345-352 Its main objectives are to identify beliefs, with respect to organic food, of parents who buy and do not buy organic food; the positive as well as negative attitudes towards organic food of those who buy and do not buy organic food; the impact of those attitudes on food choice for parents who buy and do not buy organic food; and to model the food choice behaviour of parents with respect to organic food. It employs both qualitative and quantitative methods. This paper also uses the means-end chain approach. The key idea is that product attributes are a means for consumers to obtain desired ends. It provides a very detailed means end chain which helped us finalize some aspects of our questionnaire. Magistris, T. , Gracia, A. (2008), â€Å"The decision to buy organic food products in Southern Italy†, British Food Journal , Vol. 110 No. 9, pp. 929-947 Its findings provide more evidence on consumers’ underlying motivations to buy organic food to the already existing evidence in Europe to evaluate the future implementation of the Regulation (EC) no. 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products. In addition to this the empirical results would help local policy makers to establish appropriate market strategies to develop the future demand for these products. It indicates that consumer’ attitudes towards organic food, in particular towards the health attribute and towards the environment are the most important factors that explain consumers’ decision-making process for organic food products. It has been found that larger information on the organic food market, which drives to a higher consumers’ organic food knowledge, is important because it positively in?uences consumers’ attitudes towards organic food products. It also that consumer who try to follow a healthy diet and balanced life are likely to have more positive attitudes towards organic food products and towards the environment, inducing a more likely intention to purchase organic foods. This paper provided with the adequate Structural equation model. It also possessed the relevant constructs and variables which could be easily adapted to Indian requirements. Since for the target segment of our paper income is not an issue, it proved easy to adapt to the theoretical model according to our needs. The questionnaire has been validated, which has been duly adapted by us. Outcome Through this study we hope to drawing links between knowledge about and attitude towards organic food, and their sensitivity to its health and environmental benefits and the decision to buy it. Also, we can gauge as to which are the primary contributors to the purchase decision. This can go a long way in helping a player in the organic food industry understand the market and position himself appropriately to achieve success. Research framework and hypothesis specification A study on the food choice is a complex phenomenon that represents one of the most important parts of human behavior, where several cognitive and behavioral factors can vary sharply between individuals. In other words, whether the consumers intent or decide to purchase organic foods is a difficult task because it depends on many factors that cannot be directly observed. Thus based on the above mentioned paper by Magistris, T. , Gracia, A.(2008), it can be conclude that the more favorable health and environmental attitudes consumers have, the more likely they will buy organic food product. In accordance with this, the first hypothesis of the proposed model is defined as follows: Hypothesis1: When consumer’s attitudes towards organic food (H1-a) and towards the environment (H1-b) are positive, consumers’ intention to buy organic food products will also be more likely to be positive. Hypothesis 2: When a consumer has higher organic food knowledge, he/she will be more likely to have positive attitudes towards organic food products. Hypothesis 3: Consumers’ lifestyles related to healthy diet and balanced life influence internal factors of consumers, such as, attitudes towards organic foods (H3a) and attitudes towards the environment (H3b) during the decision process to buy organic food products. Proposed Research Model {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Explanation of factors and observed variables Intention to purchase organic foods Intention is the cognitive representation of a person’s readiness to perform a given behaviour, and it is considered the immediate antecedent of behaviour. Findings from many studies reveal that consumers’ attitudes towards different organic food attributes (human health, safety, etc. ) and towards the environment are the most important factors that explain consumers’ decision-making process for organic food products. Organic knowledge Knowledge It indicated the knowledge the consumer possesses about organic food Definition Does the consumer know that, â€Å"_Organic foods are produced without the use of conventional pesticides, arti? cial fertilizers, human waste, or sewage sludge_†? Healthy diet and balanced life Exercise Processed food. Fruits and vegetables Red meat Additive free Health check ups Balanced life The observed variables are self-explanatory Environmental attitudes Pollution Belief that the current developmental path and consumeristic culture will end up destroying the environment Damage It quantifies the feeling that unless we do something the damage to the environment will be irreversible. Conservation Describes whether one performs conservatory tasks. Recycled Preference for consuming recycled products Recycling Whether one partakes in recycling of products Attitudes towards organic food products. Health Does on believe that organic products are healthier? Quality Do organic products have superior quality? Taste Are organic products are more tasty? Research Methodology Data will be collected from a survey conducted across the top B-Schools of the country. It is our opinion that the budding managers from these institutions are (or will be) part of our target group of affluent customers for organic food products. The ? nal sample will include 200 students selected through convenience sampling. This method has a reputation of being less reliable but it is the best suited due to its convenience and low cost. Moreover, it is known to work with a sample that contains students. A questionnaire will be designed to analyze the knowledge of organic food, attitudes towards organic foods and purchase behavior of the selected students. The ? rst question was related to their knowledge on organic food products. The second set of questions comprised of those related to organic food consumption (consumption level, intention) purchase, frequency of purchase, perceived quality, place of purchase, etc.). The third and final question includes several questions on consumers’ attitudes towards organic food products and environmental aspects. The questionnaire also contains questions on socio-demographic characteristics (i. e. sex, family size and composition, age, education, income and lifestyles). The questionnaire format will be validated using a small pilot survey before being administered to the students. Questionnaire Would I buy organic food products? How will you rate your knowledge on organic food products? What is your opinion on â€Å"Organic foods are produced without the use of conventional pesticides, arti?cial fertilizers, humanwaste, or sewage sludge â€Å"? I do exercise regularly I avoid eating processed food I often eat fruit and vegetables I avoid eating food products with additives I take regular health check-ups I try to have an organized and methodical lifestyle Is the current development path is destroying the environment? Unless we do something, environmental damage will be irreversible I practice environmental conservation tasks I prefer consuming recycled products I partake in product recycling Organic products are healthier Organic products have superior quality Organic products are more tasty Activity and time based plan Data Analysis/ The Data analysis will be carried out on the valid survey responses obtained from the respondent pool to which the survey is administered to. We will be using SPPS 17. 0 to carry out various correlation tests to figure out what factors affect the ‘intention to buy organic foods’ and also what sub-factors affect them. This will also allow us to point out which all factors show strong correlations and which all show less correlations. Bibliography Honkanen, P.(2006), â€Å"Ethical values and motives driving organic food choice†, Journal of Consumer Behaviour , 5, pp. 420-430 Donovan, P. , McCarthy R. (2002), â€Å"Irish Consumer preference for organic meat†, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 No. 3/4/5, pp. 353-370 Aertsens, J. , Verbeke, W. , Mondelaers, K. , and Huylenbroeck, G. V. (2009), â€Å"Personal determinants of organic food consumption: a review†, British Food Journal, Vol. 111 No. 10, pp. 1140-1167 Magistris, T. , Gracia, A. (2008), â€Å"The decision to buy organic food products in Southern Italy†, British Food Journal , Vol. 110 No. 9, pp. 929-947 Padel, S. , Foster, C. (2005), â€Å"Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour, Understanding why consumers buy or do not buy organic food†, British Food Journal, Vol. 107 No. 8, pp. 606-625 Baker, S. (2004), â€Å"Mapping the values driving organic food choice, Germany vs the UK†, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38 No. 8, pp. 995-1012 Makatouni, A. (2002), â€Å"What motivates consumers to buy organic food in the UK? , Results from a quantitative study† , British Food Journal, Vol. 104 No. 3/4/5, pp. 345-352 Zanoli, R. and Naspetti, S.(2002), â€Å"Consumer motivations in the purchase of organic food: a means-end approach†, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 No. 8, pp. 643-53. Yiridoe, E. K. , Bonti-Ankomah, S. and Martin, R. C. (2005), â€Å"Comparison of consumer’s perception towards organic versus conventionally produced foods: a review and update of the literature†, Renewable Agriculture and Food System, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 193-205. 10. Soler, F. , Gil, J. M. and Sanchez, M. (2002), â€Å"Consumer’s acceptability of organic food in Spain: results from an experimental action market†, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 No. 8,pp. 670-87. 11. Connor, R., Douglas, L. (2001), â€Å"Consumer attitudes to organic foods†, Nutrition Food Science, Vol. 31, Issue: 5 12. Grunert, S. C. and Juhl, H. J. (1995), â€Å"Values, environmental attitudes, and buying of organic foods†, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 16, pp. 39-62. 13. Chinnici, G. , D’Amico, M. and Pecorino, B. (2002), â€Å"A multivariate statistical analysis of the consumers of organic products†, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 Nos 3/4/5, pp. 187-99. 14. Shepherd, R. , Magnusson, M. and Sjoden, P. O. (2005), â€Å"Determinants of consumer behaviour related to organic foods†, Ambio, Vol. 34 Nos 4-5, pp. 352-9.

Technology Essay -- Argumentative Technological Papers

Technology In the following paper I am going to attempt to discuss the hindering effects of technology. How technology affects the laziness of our children, desensitizes our otherwise compassionate human race, and may eventually lead us to our doom. Also in this paper I will attempt to discuss some benefits of modern technology as relating to family and communal prosperity. Since the invention of Eli Whitneys cotton gin back in the 1800s men have had their brains full steam ahead on the idea of technology and its advancement into our everyday lives. Leading us up to the present day where we can have a hot cooked neucro meal at the push of the button. Our music no longer has to be cranked by hand, in fact our latest CD players can hold up to a hundred CDs or more. So what's wrong with quick hot meals and hours of aural pleasure? To that I say nothing, but for example; weve come up with these microwaveable dinners full of long unpronounceable words, and we start to feed these to our children nigh tly. Then after dinner the kiddies get into their un-smoged turbo diesel Benz and pop a CD into the player then they crank the music up to 90db. Ten years from now your kid is going to be nothing but a def ball of preservatives. What I am getting at is this, the advancement of technology only leads to an escalation of our demands for more wants and needs. Example; Henry Ford makes a great car. Now-a-days we need a fast, fuel burning, back firing, confederate flag wavein, diesel truck. Ok so what about TV? Well, TV was a cool invention; then we got color TV, then a remote for the TV, next surround sound, VCRs, video games (more remotes), and finally today, what do we have? Epileptic Japanimation. As I have pointed out, technology help... ...uge beneficial role these communities play in today's society. Being able to hold entire town meetings online is a likely next step. But with these electronic communities, I worry about our real community. I just hope while people online seem more than willing to help, that we don't forget to smile at passing strangers, or hold a door open for a woman with her infant. Because it has proven over time that as technology increases and we better our technology further, leading us to become more dependant on our new machines and their shiny gadgets. I urge this; Live your life to the fullest, enjoy what modern comforts we can provide, but don't forget to think about what life would be like without technology. We might actually have to meet our neighbors face to face! Works Cited Holeton, Richard. Composing Cyberspace. San Francisco, California: McGraw Hill, 1998

Miracles †Philosophy Essay

The problem with miracles is that it cannot be properly defined which means there is no absolute meaning for a meaning, instead my philosophers have attempted to define miracles in their own way. In these definition they are usually for or against the existence of miracles, for example take two contrasting definitions Ward and Hume. Ward says miracles are events which god intervenes because he only knows the consequences of the action. On the other hand, Hume is a philosopher who is totally against the idea of miracles, he says miracles do not exist because they violate the laws of nature. Knowing this, god cannot intervene because he would violate the laws of nature, humans have faith in experience and trust the laws this would be lost if miracles were deemed true. Another philosopher would had a problem with miracles was a man called Wiles. He basically said, to say god carries out these miraculous events is to say god is guilty of obituary and partisan. Any event where the natural flow is violated for a certain people raises the issue of fairness and consistency. Wiles also said the two idea of having an all loving god and the existence of miracles are two incompatible ideas so its easier to believe that god is all loving and reject the idea of miracles. If this was in reverse and miracles existed and god could intervene then why didn’t he intervene is horrific events such as Auschwitz or Hiroshima instead he saves one persons life, this seems unfair and a contradiction of an all loving god. As for biblical miracles Wiles said we must take them in a symbolic sense rather than a literal sense. A strength of Wiles it that allows educated believers to keep faith with god and uphold their faith in natural laws. Many people agreed with what Wiles was saying for example a man called Bultman agreed that the miracles explained in the bible are not there to take literal, he says we get the true message behind the miracle if we demythologize them. For example he turned water into wine to prevent the embarrassment of the hosts which shows his care and wisdom. To believe that god favors some more than others through the existence of miracles is wrong, who says its god that these events originates? We have no evidence to suggest this, just because we cannot find this would doesn’t mean we have to point it to god. Holland was another philosopher who didn’t believe in the concept of miracles, well the name miracle he thought that they were more of a coincidence. He used the analogy of the train, what is some one was stuck on the track and the train had stopped right in front of the person, some people may call this a miracle but when we know the full picture someone in the train may have accidentally pressed the emergency stop or the driver could have passed out. So the concept of the whole miracles thing may just be one big coincidence. Looking at Holland’s view it would make god innocent of being arbitrary and partisan, this is because these events are just coincidences it has nothing to do with god. As mentioned earlier, Hume was a man who rejected the idea of miracles due to being a violation of the laws of nature. Hume believes strongly in experiences and what we gain from them, as for this situation, the laws are something we have learnt about and follow. So when something happens that goes against these we deem them coming from god because we cannot define or justify them. All in all, Hume says the alert of miracles comes from the ignorant and barbarous nations. Knowing this, God would also be innocent because it is not god who intervenes so its not him which favors some and not others. There are events that are unexplained so they must come from some where, lets say for arguments sake tat they come from god. Us as humans are not on his level therefore we cannot say or he is this or that, he may have a reason and we would find out when we die. All the events that are unexplained may paint a bigger picture but humans are outside of god knowledge and experience so we cannot really judge god. Irenaous was a philosopher who looked at the problem of evil, he would say god is being cruel to be kind and making humans into the image of god, this because events like miracles change people. To develop these emotions naturally have more significance than being drilled in at birth by god. Overall, I conclude that God does not favor some people over others. My reasons for this is because we cannot define miracle we can only speculate on what we think, for this reason how can we act upon such uncertainty? Also we cannot judge god because we have no knowledge of him or what he has planned, only him and him only knows the repercussions of his actions.

Pablo picasso – int 2 art

When doing portraiture artists tend to exaggerate color and tones to get across the feelings in a picture or to exaggerate the importance of something or someone in a picture. I have chosen to compare and contrast the work of two portraits, first of all I will talk about Weeping woman' by Pablo Picasso and I will secondly talk about Woman with a veil' but Raphael Sansei. Pablo Uric y Picasso, known as Pablo Picasso, Born 25 October 1881 in Amalgam Spain and died 8 April 1973, aged 91 in Noggins, France was one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century.Picasso is known for bringing the cubist movement into the world of art. Cubism was a movement in the 20th century in which the perspective was changed from a single viewpoint and the natural forms of things were turned abstract; simple geometric structures with vibrant colors were placed together to create a picture. When Picasso was 14, he and his family moved to Barcelona, Spain where he applies to the School o f Fine arts and was accepted but began skipping class so that he could roam the streets of Barcelona, sketching the city scenes he observed.He moved all across the country at a young age but at the ND of the 20th century he moved to France to open his own studio. Along with cubism Picasso also went through other period called the blue period when he was depressed and the rose period when he fell in love. One of Picasso most famous pieces of work is the weeping woman; this piece of work was painted in the year 1937 on an oil canvas. This is an example of cubist artwork.The colors in this portrait are very vibrant and all contrast with each other; the colors are also very bold and blocked in. Picasso use of cubism in this portrait makes this piece of work almost uncomfortable to look at as the mood in the picture is thought provoking. This portrait is somewhat confusing because you are unsure what to think when you look at it. The focal point of this portrait is the emotion that the w oman is portraying as this painting was based on the effects of the Spanish Civil war and how people were suffering.The woman in this picture looks terrified as she had many hands around her mouth and when you get a fright or you see something unpleasant you raise your hands towards your mouth, this could indicate the horrible sights she has seen during the time of the war. The woman is also crying, you can see a hanky wiping away her tears; this part of the painting is also a very cold blue which also represents sadness. Rafael Sansei ad Robin, better known simply as Raphael was born April 6 or March 28, 1483 and died on April 6, 1520 was an Italian artist, he was names one of the most influential artists of him time.Raphael mostly known for the clarity and ease of composition and also bringing religion into his work. Raphael was orphaned as a child as his mother died when he was eight and his father was already re-married and began to live with his uncle. He never married but did get engaged. One of his most famous portraits is Woman with a vial, also known as Donna Valetta. The techniques used by Raphael in this painting is very controlled, the pain is very smooth on the canvas; the photo is very realistic, so realistic that it almost look like a photograph.The background of the photo is very dark drawing attention to the face of the woman in the centre of the picture. This is a very natural painting it seems as everything Just flows softly and nothing stands out. The colors Raphael has used in this portrait are all very neutral and nothing is over exaggerated and all the tones are ere warm. The atmosphere is very dull and boring and nothing there is nothing that draws your attention to it.Raphael and Picasso are both portrait artists but the differences in their work are immense. Picasso art work is very unrealistic and exaggerated to try and express a point of view whereas Repeal's piece is an example of hyperthermia which meaner that is almost seems a bi t too real to be a piece of art work. Secondary both artists use color in completely different ways, Picasso takes full advantage of the power of color highlighting vibrantly different parts of the man's face, especially the weeping woman's blue hand.Personally I think the use of color is very extreme but it helps give an understanding of the emotion portrayed in the painting as the deep tones around the face bring out the sadness in the picture. On the other hand as Repeal's painting is a lot more realistic his use of color is limited and only uses neutral colors, I think this makes the picture look very dull and boring. I do not think there is any emotion I this picture and it is very plain. The techniques used to pain these drawings are also different; Repeal's oratorio is very smooth whereas Picasso artwork is more streaky brush strokes which are very visible.I think this makes Picasso portrait seem a lot more edgy. There is no tone in Picasso painting so the change in color is very bold and noticeable but in Repeal's portrait the color change is more gradual. I think that the Artists intentions are very different as in Picasso weeping woman the intention was to draw attention to the pain and suffering people were going through because of the civil war whereas in A woman with a veil by Raphael I think the intention was to capture the beauty of the woman.

How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy

How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy As Americans suffered through the Great Depression of the 1930s, the financial crisis influenced U.S. foreign policy in ways that pulled the nation even deeper into a period of isolationism. While the exact causes of the Great Depression are debated to this day, the initial factor was World War I. The bloody conflict shocked the global financial system and altered the worldwide balance of political and economic power. The nations involved in World War I had been forced to suspend their use of the gold standard, long the determining factor in setting international currency exchange rates, in order to recover from their staggering war costs. Attempts by the U.S., Japan, and the European nations to re-instate the gold standard during the early 1920s left their economies without the flexibility they would be needed to cope with the financial hard times that would come in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Along with the great U.S. stock market crash of 1929, economic difficulties in Great Britain, France, and Germany coincided to create a global â€Å"perfect storm† of financial crises. Attempts by those nations and Japan to hold on to the gold standard only worked to fuel the storm and hasten the onset of a global depression. Depression Goes Global With no coordinated international system of dealing with a worldwide depression in place, the governments and financial institutions of the individual nations turned inward. Great Britain, unable to continue in its long-held role as the mainstay and chief ​money lender of the international financial system, became the first nation to permanently abandon the gold standard in 1931. Preoccupied with its own Great Depression, the United States was unable to step in for Great Britain as the world’s â€Å"creditor of last resort,† and permanently dropped the gold standard in 1933. Determined to resolve the global depression, leaders of the world’s largest economies convened the London Economic Conference of 1933. Unfortunately, no major agreements came out of the event and the great global depression persisted for the rest of the 1930s. Depression Leads to Isolationism In struggling with its own Great Depression, the United States sank its foreign policy even deeper into post-World War I stance of isolationism. As if the Great Depression was not enough, a series of world events that would result in World War II added to Americans’ desire for isolation. Japan seized most of China in 1931. At the same time, Germany was expanding its influence in Central and Eastern Europe, Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935. The United States, however, chose not to oppose any of these conquests. To a large degree, Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt were constrained from reacting to international events, no matter how potentially dangerous, by the demands of the public to deal exclusively with domestic policy, primarily bringing an end to the Great Depression. Having witnessed the horrors of World War I, Hoover, like most Americans, hoped to never see the United States involved in another world war. Between his election November 1928 and his inauguration in March 1929, he traveled to the nations of Latin America hoping to win their trust by promising that the U.S. would always honor their rights as independent nations. Indeed, in 1930, Hoover announced that his administration’s foreign policy would recognize the legitimacy  of the governments of all Latin American countries, even those whose governments did not conform to American ideals of democracy. Hoover’s policy was a reversal of President Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of using force if necessary to influence the actions of Latin American governments. Having withdrawn American troops from Nicaragua and Haiti, Hoover proceeded to avoid U.S. intervention in some 50 Latin American revolutions, many of which resulted in the establishment of anti-American governments. As a result, America’s diplomatic relations with the Latin American warmed during the Hoover presidency. Under the 1933 Good Neighbor Policy of President Franklin Roosevelt, the United States reduced its military presence in Central and South America. The move greatly improved U.S. relations with Latin America, while making more money available for depression-fighting initiatives at home. Indeed, throughout the Hoover and Roosevelt administrations, the demand to rebuild the American economy and end rampant unemployment forced U.S. foreign policy onto the backmost burner †¦ at least for a while. The Fascist Effect While the mid-1930s saw the rise conquest of militaristic regimes in Germany, Japan, and Italy, the United States remained entrenched in isolation from foreign affairs as the federal government struggled with the Great Depression. Between 1935 and 1939, the U.S. Congress, over the objections of President Roosevelt, enacted a series of Neutrality Acts specifically intended to prevent the United States from taking any role of any nature in potential foreign wars. The lack of any significant U.S. response to the invasion of China by Japan in 1937 or the forced occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany in 1938 encouraged the governments of Germany and Japan to expand the scope of their military conquests. Still, many U.S. leaders continued to believe the need to attend to its own domestic policy, mainly in the form of ending the Great Depression, justified a continued policy of isolationism. Other leaders, including President Roosevelt, believed that U.S. non-intervention simple allowed the theaters of war to grow ever-closer to America. As late as 1940, however, keeping the U.S. out of foreign wars had widespread support from the American people, including high-profile celebrities like record-setting aviator Charles Lindbergh. With Lindbergh as its chairman, the 800,000-member-strong America First Committee lobbied Congress to oppose President Roosevelt’s attempts to provide war materials to England, France, the Soviet Union, and the other nations fighting the spread of fascism. When France finally fell to Germany in the summer of 1940, the U.S. government slowly started increasing its participation in the war against fascism. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941, initiated by President Roosevelt, allowed the president to transfer, at no cost, arms and other war materials to any â€Å"government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.† Of course, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1942, thrust the United States fully into World War II and ended any pretense of American isolationism. Realizing that the nation’s isolationism had to some degree contributed to the horrors of World War II, U.S. policymakers once again began to emphasize the importance of foreign policy as a tool in preventing future global conflicts. Ironically, it was the positive economic impact of America’s participation in World War II, which had been long-delayed in part by the Great Depression that at last pulled the nation out of its longest economic nightmare.

Definition and Examples of Writ of Certiorari

Definition and Examples of Writ of Certiorari In the U.S. court system, a â€Å"writ of certiorari† is an order (writ) issued by a higher or â€Å"appellate† court to review decisions made by a lower court for any irregularities in legal process or procedures. Key Takeaways: Writ of Certiorari A writ of certiorari is a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court to hear an appeal from a lower court.The word certiorari comes from a Latin word meaning â€Å"to be more fully informed.†The act of â€Å"granting certiorari† means the Supreme Court agrees to hear a case.Certiorari must be requested by submitting a Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court.The Supreme Court grants only about 1.1% of the thousands of petitions for certiorari submitted each term.Denying a petition for certiorari has no effect on the lower court’s decision or the laws involved.Granting a petition for certiorari requires the affirmative votes of at least four Supreme Court justices. The word certiorari (sersh-oh-rare-ee) comes from a Latin word meaning â€Å"to be more fully informed† or â€Å"to be made certain in regard to.† The act of issuing a writ of certiorari, called â€Å"granting certiorari, often abbreviated as â€Å"granting cert,† compels the lower court to deliver all records of its proceedings in a case. Among a sea of largely obscure Latin legal terms, certiorari is of particular importance to Americans because the U.S. Supreme Court, due to its limited original jurisdiction, uses it to select most of the cases it hears.   The Supreme Court’s Writ of Certiorari Process Most cases heard by the U.S. Supreme Court begin as cases decided by a trial court, such as one of the 94 U.S. District Courts. Parties dissatisfied with the trial court’s decision have the right to appeal the case to a U.S. Court of Appeals. Anyone dissatisfied with the ruling of the Court of Appeals can then ask the Supreme Court to review the Court of Appeals’ decision and procedures. Supreme Court review of a Court of Appeals’ decision is requested by filing a â€Å"Petition for Writ of Certiorari† with the Supreme Court. The Petition for Writ of Certiorari must include a list of all parties involved, the facts of the case, the legal questions to be reviewed, and reasons why the Supreme Court should grant the petition. By granting the petition and issuing a writ of certiorari, the Court agrees to hear the case. Forty copies of the printed petition in bound booklet form are delivered to the office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court and distributed to the justices. If the Court grants the petition, the case is scheduled for a hearing. The Supreme Court has the right to deny the Petition for Writ of Certiorari, thus refusing to hear the case. Rule 10 of the Rules of the Supreme Court specifically states: â€Å"Review on writ of certiorari is not a matter of right, but a judicial discretion. A petition for writ of certiorari will be granted only for compelling reasons.† While the full legal effect of the Supreme Court’s refusal to grant certiorari is often debated, it has no effect on the decision of the Court of Appeals. In addition, refusal to grant certiorari does not reflect the Supreme Court’s agreement or disagreement with the lower court’s decision. The Supreme Court’s refusal to grant certiorari creates no binding legal precedent, and the lower courts decision remains in effect, but only within that court’s geographical jurisdiction. Granting a Petition for Writ of Certiorari requires the positive vote of only four of the nine justices, rather than the five-vote majority required in actual case decisions. This is known as the â€Å"rule of four.† Brief Background of Certiorari Before 1891, the Supreme Court was required to hear and issue a decision on almost every case that was appealed to it by the local courts. As the United States grew, the federal judicial system was strained and the Supreme Court soon had an insurmountable backlog of cases. To address this, the Judiciary Act of 1869 first increased the number of Supreme Court Justices from seven to nine. Then, the Judiciary Act of 1891 shifted responsibility for most appeals to the newly created circuit courts of appeals. Since then, the Supreme Court only hears appealed cases at its discretion through the granting of a writ of certiorari. Reasons the Supreme Court Grants Petitions for Certiorari In deciding which petitions for certiorari it will grant, the Supreme Court strives to hear cases in which its ruling will affect the interpretation and application of the laws involved throughout the United States. In addition, the Court prefers to hear cases in which its ruling will provide definitive guidance for the lower courts. While there are no hard-and-fast rules, the Supreme Court tends to grant petitions for certiorari for: Cases that will resolve clear conflicts of law: Anytime a number of lower courts issue conflicting decisions involving the same federal law or interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, such as gun control and the Second Amendment, the Supreme Court may choose to hear and decide a related case in order to ensure that all 50 states operate under the same interpretation of the law.Cases that are important or unique: The Court will decide to hear unique or momentous cases such as U.S. v Nixon, dealing with the Watergate scandal, Roe v. Wade, dealing with abortion, or Bush v. Gore, involving the contested 2000 presidential election.Cases in which a lower court disregards the Supreme Court: When a lower court blatantly ignores a previous Supreme Court ruling, the Supreme Court may decide to hear a case in order to correct or simply override the lower court’s ruling.Cases that are simply interesting: Being human, the Supreme Court justices will sometimes choose to hear a case simply b ecause it involves a favorite area of law. When it comes to petitions for writ of certiorari, the Supreme Court gets many, but grants few. The vast majority of petitions are denied. For example, of the 8,241 petitions filed during its 2009 term, the Court granted only 91, or about 1.1 percent. On average, the Court hears from 80 to 150 cases each term. Recent Example of Certiorari Granted: Roe v. Wade In its landmark decision in the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that a woman’s right to have an abortion was protected by the Due Process of Law Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In deciding to grant certiorari in Roe v. Wade, faced a thorny legal issue. One of the Court’s rules for granting certiorari requires that the appellant, the person or persons appealing the case, have â€Å"standing† to do so- meaning that he or she would be directly affected by the Court’s decision. By the time the lengthy Roe v. Wade appeal finally reached the Supreme Court, the appellant, a Texas woman (â€Å"Jane Roe†) who had sued after having been denied the right to have an abortion under Texas law, had already given birth and surrendered the child for adoption. As a result, her legal standing in the case was uncertain. In granting certiorari, the Supreme Court reasoned that because of the lengthy appeals process, it would be impossible for any expectant mother to have standing, thus preventing the Court from ever ruling on abortion or reproductive rights issues. Feeling the law involved merited review, the Court granted the petition for certiorari. Recent Example of Certiorari Denied: Broom v. Ohio In 2009, Ohio corrections officials spent two hours trying- but failing- to execute Romell Broom by lethal injection. In March 2016, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that the state could proceed with a do-over second attempt to execute Bloom. With no other higher court available, Broom and his lawyers asked the U.S. Supreme Court to block any further execution attempts. In the Broom v. Ohio petition for certiorari, Broom’s lawyers based their request on the argument that a second execution would violate the assurance against cruel and unusual punishment in the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. On December 12, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court, refusing to hear the case, denied the petition for certiorari. In denying Bloom’s petition for certiorari, the Supreme Court stated its belief that any pain Bloom might have experienced during the failed execution attempt failed to amount to â€Å"constitute cruel and unusual punishment.† In taking this rather unexpected action, the justices reasoned that since thousands of people are subjected to multiple needle-sticks every day as part of medical procedures, this was neither cruel nor unusual. Sources Definition of certiorari in English. English Oxford Dictionaries. OnlineFederal Courts Role and Stricture. USCourts.gov. OnlineSupreme Court procedure. The SCOTUS Blog. OnlineThe Evarts Act: Creating the Modern Appellate Courts. USCourts.gov. OnlineSupreme Court Case Selections Act. Public Law 100-352, at 102 Stat. 662. June 27, 1988

Common Law and the Doctrine of Privity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Common Law and the Doctrine of Privity - Essay Example However, with implementation of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 (hereafter â€Å"the Act†) many transformations have been witnessed, consequently enabling third parties to enforce terms in contracts. In essence, the common law is built on a number of key principles that stipulate that the third party cannot have rights or bear the liability upon a contract he is not a partisan. In order to understand the privity doctrine, it is essential to first relate it to the law of contract. A contract is defined as a promise of exchange that is legally enforceable. Additionally, a contract can only exist if there is an offer - a promise of exchange is made by an offeror to the offeree, acceptance - where the offeree delivers whatever has been promised, and consideration - the bargain for exchange or simply price for exchange. In addition, it is important to ensure that there exists enforcement and reliance (Koffman & Macdonald, 2007)1. The common law is in most cases dee med as being unfair. A good example, person A enters into a bidding contract with person B, and one of the agreement is that person B will continue paying considerations to person A’s wife upon his death. However, B refuses to honor the promise upon A’s death. Under the common law A’s wife cannot sue B because she is not a party to the agreement. In this light, is the common law fair or unfair? The privity doctrine exists in the premises of contract law which states that only a party to a contract can impose it. It further, states that an agreement cannot inflict enforceable commitments on individuals who are not parties to a contract. This is very practical and ideal in many circumstances; however, it can give rise to some unsatisfactory and discriminatory results in practice. An example of the unsatisfactory eventuality is if a contract is entered into by an agent for another first, or on behalf of the contracting persons. Therefore, numerous exceptions have b een settled to the doctrine. The precise exceptions to the privity doctrine industrialized from case law and precise legislative provisions. As such, the Privity Act 1982 relates to all contracts. As a result, then Act allows a third party beneficiary to a contract, who was projected to benefit from the contract, to enjoy enforcing rights. Nevertheless, the third party has to institute two key elements, namely, the contract must clearly indicate an intention to confer a benefit on the third party legatee, and that the third party must be clearly identified in the contract (designation). Consequently, the Act is void if the promise is not projected to bring forth an obligation that is enforceable by a non-contracting party. Therefore, the privity Act was aimed at empowering third parties to enforce a contract and be compensated for damages where appropriate. In this light, this paper is going to explore whether the common law position prior to the act was justifiable and whether thir d parties have now been given 'a ticket to ride’. Moving on the same, the Act addresses the concerns of variations of contracts advancing a benefit on a non-contracting party. Therefore, the parties to a contract that comprises an enforceable benefit to a third party legatee may revise or end the contract at any stage with the approval of that third party legatee. Consequently, the contract may also be revised or ended minus the approval of that third party beneficiary, up to when the position of the third party benef

Air Pollution and Population in Kuwait Research Paper

Air Pollution and Population in Kuwait - Research Paper Example The nature and objective of the study is to find the relationship between air pollution and population in Kuwait A simple linear model to establish a relationship between the two variables is Yt = b1 + b2 * Xt Where: Yt is air pollution Xt is population. An increase or decrease in air pollution is an effect of change in population combined with several other factors. There are several hypotheses to be tested and several policies to be evaluated, which are dependent on a number of questions. The issues to be considered in this paper are as follows: 1. How strong is the relationship between air pollution and population? 2. How strong is the relationship between air pollution and population in Kuwait? 3. Can pollution be treated as an independent variable apart from population? 4. What are the effects of air pollution on the population in Kuwait? 5. What is the effect of air pollution on the life span of the population in Kuwait? 6. How does air pollution affect the life expectancy of the Kuwaiti population? 7. Which age groups are most affected by air pollution in Kuwait? 8. Is air pollution only due to outdoor factors or are there any indoor factors also involved? 9. Which gas (causal of air pollution) is the most harmful to the population? 10. What are the atmospheric levels of pollution in terms of nitrogen oxide and dioxide, carbon monoxide and dioxide and ozone in Kuwait?

David Hume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

David Hume - Essay Example om senses, and also not from rational thought. Instead, according to Hume, the idea of self comes from imagination. In turn, imagination stems from causation and memory. To this effect, Hume is of the persuasion that the sole question concerning the creation of self identity is how the elements [contiguity and causation] combine so as to produce the uninterrupted idea of self. In regard to the above, Hume’s intended to mean that ideas are fundamentally ancillary to impressions, including sensory perceptions. In this case, Hume intends to mean that the impressions are the acquired, the lively, forceful and uncontrollable inputs of the senses, imagination and memory. In this case, ideas are taken as the images of the impressions are deemed by Hume as not being accurate, so that he renders them fictitious. Similarly, Hume’s mental existents are all based on the givens of perception, so that he is deemed as a British empiricist. As he uses the term copy to signify the relat ionship among the relationships which exist among the impressions and the very ideas which are dependent on them, Hume reiterates that complex ideas are based equally on impressions, though one step removed. In the case above, Hume is of the persuasion that a proposition which may not admit of much dispute that all human ideas are merely copies of impressions so that it is impossible to think of anything which has never been antecedently felt by either internal or external senses. To this effect, complex ideas may be known by definition and may be nothing more than an enumeration of parts or simple ideas which composed them (Yolton, 548-50). The significance of Hume’s standpoint above concerning relationship between ideas and impressions is that if an idea is valid or proper, then an individual will be able to relocate the very impressions on which it is based. In the event that no such impressions are found, then the very idea at hand is merely an arbitrary construct of huma n imagination which may therefore be fictitious, and having nothing extant on what it is based. Again, Hume continues that identity is not reality or a real idea, but a fiction of a person’s imagination. Hume maintains that this is the case since no individual can find an impression from which that identity can be considered a reality. Just as Lamprecht observes, Hume takes the persuasion that all that is given to man is a flow of impressions which are merely individual perceptions. In this light, the concept of unity is then to be premised on a single and unique sensory impression of solitary lump of things that are unchangeable. Because of this, the concept of unity becomes based on perceived uninterruptedness and invariableness of perception. Because of this, Hume is convinced that the principle of individuation is merely uninterruptedness

Absolut Vodka Brand Positioning

Absolut Vodka Brand Positioning Absolut Vodka is one of the worlds selling premium spirits brands and achieved sales of 10.7 million nine-liter cases in 2007. Every bottle of Absolut Vodka is produced in Ahus, southern Sweden. Although the brand is the largest premium vodka selling in 126 countries, its market share is threatened by the constant growth of Bacardi and Smirnoff. In the turbulent environment Absolut Vodka facing nowadays, the organization needs to constantly search for ways to innovate and to meet the changing customer demands in order to maintain or strengthen the position of their products. Absolut Vodka, one of the most popular super-premium brands in the world, is the strongest brand for VS Spirits. Now, the company seeks to maximize its brands market share through constant innovation and adopting new marketing and distribution strategies. 2. Product Every bottle of Absolut Vodka is produced in Ahus, in southern Sweden where the wheat that gives Absolut Vodka its smooth grain character grows. Absolut Vodka is produced from winter wheat, a hardy wheat grain that centuries of experience have shown to produce superior vodka. Absolut Vodka uses a process called continuous distillation, introduced in Sweden in 1879 by The Vodka King Lars Olsson Smith (Pernod Ricard, 2009). The water it uses comes from our own deep well. Producing its vodka in one location using local raw materials gives VS Absolut Spirits complete control of all stages of production and ensures that every drop meets the companys high quality standard. Unlike other vodkas, the Absolut Vodka flavors are made by blending the vodka with only natural flavors and no sugar is added. In fact, Absolut is as pure as vodka can be. Still, that purity has a certain taste; rich, full-bodied and complex, yet smooth and mellow with a distinct character of grain, followed by a hint of dried fruit (2009). Absolut Vodka currently comprises its products within many flavors, such as vanilia, raspberri, apeach, ruby red, pears, and mango. All Absolut Vodka products can also be enjoyed neat or mixed in drinks. In addition, the shape of the Absolut Vodka bottle has made it one of the worlds most iconic products reinforces the brands strong design heritage. The bottle shape of the Absolut Vodka bottle has made it one of the worlds most iconic products reinforces the brands strong design heritage. It looked elegant, different, simple and very Swedish, and was decided that there should be no label not to hide the crystal clear liquid. Blue was decided upon as the most visible and elegant color for the Absolut Vodka logo. The flavor comes in a transparent bottle in order to show how pure and clear its vodka is. The brand values of Absolut are defined as Clarity, Simplicity and Perfection. All three are there, visible on the bottle. Absolut Vodka currently comprises the following products within the same quality framework: Year Product 1979 Absolut Vodka 1986 Absolut Pepper 1988 Absolut Citron 1992 Absolut Kurant 1999 Absolut Mandrin 2003 Absolut Vanilla 2004 Absolut Raspberri 2005 Absolut Apeach 2006 Absolut Ruby Red 2007 Absolut Pears, Absolut 100, Absolut Mango 2008 Absolut Los Angeles 2009 Absolut Boston 2010 Absolut Berri Acai, Absolut Brooklyn, 2011 Absolut Wild Tea, Absolut San Francisco Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolut_Vodka Creativity is what drives Absolut brand forward. That applies not only to the marketing and design, but also to the product development. When launching a flavour, the Absolut Company wants to make room for new cocktail experiences. 3. Brand Positioning Absolut Vodka is positioned as premium brand in the minds of the target consumers. The price of the product is high. Absolut is one of the expensive brands among the leading brands in the U.S. as illustrated in Exhibit 4. The company also tried to feature the product as a high end product. For example, Absolut had an identity campaign termed Smart, showy, sassy, sophisticated and stylish. By this kind of brand personality statement, the brand was associated with the fashion conscious, rich, desperate and dynamic lifestyle-namely the Absolut Lifestyle. Absolut entered Glamour world and tried to relate the brand with fashion world. In the Lifestyle magazines, the glimpse of a trendy tanned fashionable girl posing and wearing Absolut Vodka marked attire became widely visible. The brand personality of Absolut was communicated successfully with the help of a series of aesthetically designed advertisement campaigns both in print and in electronic media. The word Absolut was punned in conjunction with creative images of the bottle and with strong positive feeling awakening words or phrases. Absolut went for simple, but sophisticated ads a classy picture of the bottle accompanied by a witty caption (Facts Abusolut Ads, 2009). Those advertisements have not only broken advertising records year after year but also have captured the eyeball alongside the imagination of the general public. The advertisement campaigns were nice to look at, easy to understand yet had the spark of intelligence and smartness. The modes featuring in the advertisement had a tanned skin most of the times thus the brand tried to relate itself with a sense of sunny, urban and dynamic lifestyle. The brand was more inclined to lay emphasis on girls. Because vodka is an odorless drink and do esnt give any quirky sensation while drinking, this was assumed that girls would love this kind of product features. Absolut Vodka soon became news. The latest ads often started getting journalistic coverage in magazines and on TV. Everybody talked about Absolut campaigns be it the Absolut Manhattan ad portraying an aerial view of New Yorks Central Park in the shape of an Absolut Vodka bottle or 26 Russian painters creating their own most personal impressions of the bottle. Over the years Absolut has commissioned not only over 300 painters, but also leading artists in all fields like sculptors, glass designers, musicians and fashion designers. The main strategy of the brand was to avoid relating the product with only one particular lifestyle and the ads were to have a timeless but contemporary theme. Absolut Vodka can be proud of its ads in crossing the line between advertising and art using different medians such as paintings, limited edition bottles, shirts, and sculpture (Brand Spotlight: Absolut Vodka, 2010). Many famous artists worked for the company, including Andy Warhol and Keith Harris. TBWAs branding campaign for Absolut Vodka was listed as one of the top ten campaigns of the last century by Advertising Age and the campaign won many awards including an Effie and Kelly awards which are probably the most prestigious awards in the advertising industry (2010). Those highly accepted and widely popular advertisements campaigns could successfully del iver the main brand positioning ideas of Absolut Vodka, i.e. premium product, high quality and association with art and a good life. 4. Competitors and their Campaigns In addition to Absolut Vodka, there are over other 30 vodka brands in the U.S. market as shown in Exhibit 2. Those brands are original from nine countries such as Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Finland, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia (Latvia and Estonia), and Sweden. Apart from American made brands existing in the market such as Popov, Gordon, etc. there was the emergence of new American made vodka brands in the past several year such as Skyy, a lovely San Francisco spirit, the newly arrived Teton Glacier, unique vodka made in Idaho, etc (Department of Liquor Control, 2009). In 2007, there were seven leading vodka brand in the U.S. market including Smirnoff, Absolut, Grey Goose, Skyy, Stolichnaya, Ketel One, and Svedka respectively as shown in Exhibit 3. These brands are made in different countries. However, the American made brand like Smirnoff was ranked the number one U.S. market share in 2007, followed by Absolut Vokda. A brief profile of five leading brands that were Absoluts competitors and their campaigns in 2007 will be discussed in next session. 4.1 Smirnoff Smirnoff is the #1 selling vodka in the U.S and the world. It had a 17.2% share in 2007. It is originally produced in Russia, the recipe found its way to America in the early 1900s. Smirnoff is one of alcohol brands of Diageo (Dee-AH-Gee-O), the worlds leading premium drinks business with an outstanding collection of beverage alcohol brands across spirits, wines, and beer categories. These brands include Johnnie Walker, Guinness, Smirnoff, JB, Baileys, Cuervo, Tanqueray, Captain Morgan, Crown Royal, Beaulieu Vineyard and Sterling Vineyards wines. In November, 2006, Smirnoff renewed its alliance with James Bond in the film Casino Royale. The alliance involved a multi-million dollar media campaign, which was activated in the U.S. and around the world. The campaign included a broadcast advertising campaign; on- and off-premise promotions and sweepstakes; a global public relations campaign; and a fully interactive Casino Royale microsite (Zydel, 2006). Smirnoff had the close partnership with Bond in 1962à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s Dr. No. In a scene when the villain hands Sean Connery a Martini, shaken not stirred made with Smirnoff Vodka. This monumental moment in film made some impact on the way martini drinkers made their cocktails, shifting from the traditional gin to a vodka-based drink and popularizing the vodka martini the world over (2006). Exhibit 5 shows a cross-promotional ad for James Bond Casino Royale and Smirnoff Vodka and some scenes in James Bonds movie in 1962s. In August, 2007, Smirnoff launched its largest ever marketing campaign ( £5M) which was named Sea to promote the brand. It centers around a 60-second commercial created by JWT, which premiered on 17 August 2007 in showings of The Bourne Ultimatum at selected cinemas across the United Kingdom. There were various tie-ins launched, including the Smirnoff Purifier, an online game, point of sale Smirnoff purity kits, and a tour of a custom-built Smirnoff Purification Installation used to make drinkable samples of water taken from saline or otherwise undrinkable water at selected sites (Sea: Advertisement, 2010). 4.2 Grey Goose Grey Goose was imported to the United States by the Sidney Frank Importing Company which is located in New Rochelle New York. In 1997, the brand became national prominence when it was awarded substantially for its quality in the U.S. In 2004, Sidney Frank then sold the right of manufacturing to Bacardi. Grey Goose was the first prominent French vodka but has seen some competition from Nuage, Ciroc and Idol which are now on the market. Each of these vodka brands are premium brands sold in North America (Grey Goose Vodka, 2007). In 2007, it held a 6.3% share of the U.S. Market. In 2007, claiming itself to be the Worlds Best Tasting Vodka, Grey Goose launched its new Discerning Taste advertising campaign which was produced by New York-based @radical.media. The campaign was the brands first major advertising effort since its acquisition by Bacardi Limited in 2004. It consisted of four different print advertisements and three broadcast spots. Creative elements of the campaign capture particular moments, people, places, and events in the lives of Grey Goose consumers revealing their unyielding lifestyle of discerning taste. The theme of the advertising platform supports the brands commitment to represent more than just a spirit, but a luxurious lifestyle brand. The print composites reveals the back stories of Grey Goose drinkers by portraying images ranging from playing golf to a spontaneous late night dinner with friends. These snapshot moments suggest that a Grey Goose drinkers inherent eye for detail leads them to seek refined subtleties in more than just th eir vodka but in all aspects of life (Grey Goose Vodka 2007 Advertising Campaign, 2007). The advertising campaign commenced in conjunction with the U.S. Open Tennis Championships in which Grey Goose was the Proud Promotional Partner of the tournament. The advertisements surrounded broadcast coverage on the USA Network and appeared on target outlets such as the Golf Channel, ESPN, and HD Networks and in print outlets such as BlackBook, Departures, GQ, Golf Digest, Travel + Leisure, Vanity Fair and Wine Spectator (Grey Goose Vodka 2007 Advertising Campaign, 2007). 4.3 SKYY SKYY is one of the fastest growing spirits globally and the leading domestic super premium vodka in the United States (Baker Hearn, 2005). The brand was launched in 1992 by Skyy Spirits, LLC who is the US-based wholly owned subsidiary of Gruppo Campari (Milan: CPR.MI) and the definitive marketer and distributor of super-premium and luxury spirits brands in North America. It had 4.6% U.S. share. Skyy vodkas highest quality and ultimate smoothness are perceived by consumers due to the state-of-the-art process of quadruple distillation and triple filtration (2005). According to the good design of its distinctive cobalt blue bottle and award-winning marketing communications, SKYY is synonymous with quality, sophistication, and style (2005). SKYY Vodka let the worlds most accomplished and controversial photographers interpret the brands sexy image in bold and daring fashion (Press Release: Skyy Spirits Unveils Sexiest Ad Campaign in Skyy  ® Vodka History, 2010). In 2007, SKYY looked to acclaimed photographer and independent filmmaker David LaChapelle to shoot the powerful, tantalizing images that captured the essence of cocktail glamour and the jet set lifestyle which would constitute its third campaign. The national campaign was named Cocktail Moments and was available for national outdoor, print, and online. Exhibit 6 shows some ads for this campaign. The creative was launched outdoors beginning January 2007 in LA, Chicago, Miami and San Francisco (2010). Magazine insertions start in February of 2007 in men and womens entertainment and lifestyle publications, including ESPN, InStyle, US Weekly and People, as well as on www.SKYY.com. The ads also ran as banner ads on selected websites including ESPN.com, Evite.com, an d Gay.com, starting in mid-February. Due to its bold, sexy imagery, SKYYs ads have become collectible pieces of artwork (2010). 4.4 Stolichnaya Stolichnaya has its origins in the Moscow State Wine Warehouse No. 1 which was opened in 1901 by the authorities to ensure higher quality vodka production (Stolichnaya, 2010). It was the first vodka to be introduced and imported into the USA, in 1972. Stolichnaya was at this time a good choice to the USA-produced vodka brands as it tasted milder due to a more refined distilling process (2010). However, Stolichnayas popularity has been dependent on the political climate between the U.S. and the former USSR. In 2005, Stolichnaya was included in the Pernod Ricard portfolio. Pierre Pringuet, Managing Director of Pernod Ricard said We needed a major vodka to boost and balance our product range. Stolichnaya signalled our first step in the vodka market and we are proud of our achievements in developing this fine brand. But with ABSOLUT, we have now made a giant leap forward! (Pernod Ricard, 2008). Since 2005, sales of Stolichnaya grew up from 2.1 million to 3.4 million cases and it had a 4.2% share. In 2007, the brand received several awards including Best New Product in the U.S. and Best New Event in the UK. Additionally, its benchmark Ultra Premium Stolichnaya Elit also got the highest rating by the U.S. Beverage Tasting Institute (2008). While renovating the brand, Pernod Ricard launched a new advertising campaign for the Stoli family in order to remind consumers to Choose Authenticity on April 9, 2007 (Pernod Ricard USA, LLC., 2007). Exhibit 7 presents ads of this campaign. The campaign debuted in leading U.S. magazines as In Style, Rolling Stone, and GQ in May, 2007. The new campaign was in a visual style and based on a Russian artistic movement called constructivism, that celebrated the strong industrial structures of the early 20th century when there was the creation of Stolichnaya (2007). The campaign depicted positive Russian icons in a proud tone and humorous way. One of the first ad executions headlines was The Mother of all Vodkas, from the Motherland of Vodka. The new campaign was developed according to two findings of research that: first, that the remarkable history of Stoli hadnt been fully told; and second, that authenticity was a critical consideration in the purchasing decisions of sophisticated, young adult consumers at that time (2007). Patrick Piana, Senior Vice President, Marketing, Pernod Ricard USA said: Pernod Ricard has consistently demonstrated its ability to drive brands to achieve their potential, and we are confident that this new Stolichnaya campaign will resonate with the brands core consumers and build on our overall track record of success(2007). However, after the purchase of Absolut was completed, Pernod Ricard ended its agreement with Stoli. William Grant Sons USA signed an agreement to distribute Stolichnaya in the U.S. in 2009. 5. Consumer Behavior The comprehensive analysis of vodka by the Beverage Information Group and research by Simmons Market Research Bureau reveal consumer behavior of vodka as follows: Vodka is unlike any other spirit category. The proportion between male vodka consumers and female consumers are fairly equal. Furthermore, it is consumed by all adult age groups (Simmons Market Research Bureau, 2007). Due to universal appeal of vodka coupled with its versatility as a mixer and the cachet high end products, it has continued to attract adult consumers (Beverage Information Group, 2008). Females favor flavored vodkas while males take the lead among several brands-Absolut Kurant, Stoli Citros, Stoli Ohranj and Stoli Cranberi (Simmons Market Research Bureau, 2007). According to Simmons (2007), the older the brand the older the consumer. Stolichnaya drinkers tend to be older than Absolut drinkers. Also, Absolut drinkers tend to be slightly older than Grey Goose consumers. Belvedere scores highest in the 21-to-24 age group among unflavored vodkas. Younger adult consumers tend to be attracted by somewhat sweet flavors-vanilla and raspberry. Whereas older consumers prefer classic cocktails that are savory in nature (Beverage Information Group, 2008). All vodka consumers are moving toward a healthier lifestyle and a greener planet. (Beverage Information Group, 2008). It was found that several marketers are incorporating natural and green elements in their products. This is a trend that is expected to continue (Beverage Information Group, 2008).. Limited edition products that benefit local causes such as Absolut New Orleans and Absolut Los Angeles are another trend that is expected to gain a following (Beverage Information Group, 2008).. Overall, consumers are moving away from sweet cocktails into the savory area. This may not bode well for several flavored vodkas (Beverage Information Group, 2008). Review of publications about vodka brands uncovers that there are some significant factors that enhance customer decision making process when buying vodka as follows: Luxury: By definition, vodka is a clear, tasteless, odourless liquid-meaning that a basic level of quality distilling yields vodka on par with any other. Yet through clever ads and higher pricing, Absolut vodka became the premium vodka over Smirnoff in the 1980s. Then, i n the 1990s, Sidney Frank consciously decided to introduce Grey Goose vodka, which costs 50 percent more than Absolut, with reasoning that people would pay more for a brand they saw as more exclusive, just as they did with Absolut over Smirnoff. Since vodka is one of premium alcoholic drinks, it is considered a kind of luxury items (Rothbaum, 2009). Flavors: Several companies keep introducing more varieties for customers to choose from, this strategy has proven to be quite successful. Also, the U.S. is the worlds biggest market for flavored vodka and a new flavour can drive sales. For example, in the summer of 2007, Finlandia introduced grapefruit flavored vodka. The vodkas popularity has been so great that it has increased the brands overall sales of flavored vodkas by almost 10% (2009). Thus, there are still room for competition in the vodka category. Store shelves are now packed with new flavours and brand extensions from numerous well-established brands (2009). Price: Setting an inviting price to attract consumers seems to be successful for some brand vodkas like Smirnoff. For example, Smirnoff posted a 4.0% gain in 2008 and making it the top-selling spirit in the U.S., leveraging its rainbow of flavors as well as its inviting price (2009). This pricing strategy must be employed carefully for luxury goods like vodka, since consumers still perceive that Vodka should not be cheap. It is not a product of first necessity. Even though higher-priced brands are seeing slower growth, consumers are still spending a lot of money to purchase these prestigious brands. Reference Group: Vodka consumers use reference groups such as co-workers, friends, and family as a guide to select a brand, since vodka is a product that can be shared in social occasions and consumers tend to please all of those groups when they gather. Thus, group situations constitute their purchase decisions. Packaging: Packaging has always played an important role in developing brand image, and the vodka industry is not exceptional. According to Adam Rosen, the brand manager of Wyborowa Vodka, the vodka industry is much more image conscious than other liquors (Labbrand Consulting Co., Ltd., 2009). In addition to ingredients and taste, packing is another factor influencing vodka drinkers buying decision- the vodka they choose should make a statement to others. Thus, the bottle design should display sophistication and class. For example, Svedkas new bottle reflects their cheap chic positioning, allowing consumers to purchase a premium vodka at a competitive price (2009). This should appeal to hip night life lovers, but not older customers accustomed to having a casual drink at home. It was found that the older audience will appreciate a classic bottle design that looks nice in their alcohol cabinet (2009). As Svedka hasnt redesigned their bottle for over 10 years, the repeat customers like ly have a strong connection to the old brand image (2009). In short, packing can influence decisions made through constructive process at the time of purchase. 6. History of Brand Advertising Absolut Vodka has become famous mainly due to its advertising campaigns. The shape of the bottle of Absolut vodka is very unique and is emphasized in all their advertisements. For about 25 years, the focus on the product has been the main theme in advertisements for Absolut Vodka. They ran campaigns of humor featuring their unique bottle. It is the unique advertising campaigns that have made Absolut a popular brand going up to the heights of Coke and Nike. In 1981 they started the Absolut ________ campaign. Absolut Perfection which was created in 1981 was the first advertisement and it is still popular today. They had clever concepts like Absolut L.A. which showed a swimming pool shaped like a bottle or Absolut Warhol which showed the painting of a bottle by the artist. One of their popular ads is the Absolut London', which shows the door of 10 Downing Street resembling an Absolut bottle. In a 1988 feature of a playboy magazine they showed a bottle like a model and this ad was called Absolut Centerfold. Then there were issues Absolut Disco (2007) related to dance music in 2008 Absolut Masquerade under the theme Every night is a masquerade and in 2009 the Absolut Rock Edition as a tribute to rock and roll. They wanted to end this campaign in 1997 with the launch of an offbeat bottle campaign on April fools day and it was very popular. But it took 9 more years to come up with a different campaign due to its limited advertising budget. Th e Absolut ____ campaign enabled the brand to become the best-selling imported vodka in the United States as sales rose from 20,000 cases in 1981 to almost 5 million in 2007. In January 2006 they started a campaign called The Absolut Vodka which had a theme on the pun between the brand name and the word absolute. This multimedia campaign demonstrates the headship of Absolut Vodka as The Absolut Vodka and observes other classics that are absolutes in our culture. This campaign is an evolution of the brands iconic, 25-year-old advertising and one that underscores the brands marketing ingenuity and continuous creativity. This campaign was broadcasted on television in the United States. The campaign also featured online and print executions. The new execution was built on the brands existing campaigns. The broadcast depicts a collage of absolute moments and icons that bases modern culture. Pictures include The Absolut Morale Booster (Marilyn Monroe singing for U.S. troops) and The Absolut Road Trip (first manned trip to the moon). The print advertisement features an Absolut Vodka bottle levitating over a color-block table with copy that reads The Absolut Vodk a the image connotes an exclamation point. The print ad shows the genuinity of Absolut Vodka and conveys only one message that Absolut is The Absolut Vodka. The Absolut Vodka campaign targeted a new and increasing group of vodka drinkers in the United States. The broadcast is very interactive and is aimed at capturing in-the-know customers. The Absolut Vodka campaign was created by TBWA/Chiat/Day, the advertising agency of record for Absolut VODKA. 7. The In an Absolut World Campaign In 2007, Absolut Vodka began its In An Absolut World campaign in which the company posted various, often fanciful scenarios of what the target audience might think would constitute a perfect, or Absolut, reality. The campaign was handled by TBWA/Chiat/Day, part of the TBWA Worldwide division of the Omnicom Group. The In An Absolut World would elicit varying opinions and points of view of customers. It is designed to be an inspiring, humorous, and thought-provoking integrated campaign about what an Absolut World might look like and to initiate a discussion about both universal and everyday subjects, as well as to challenge consumers to express their own visions of the world. Its advertising campaign invites consumers to visualize a world that appeals to them one they feel may be more idealized or one that may be a bit fantastic. The campaign includes commercials and video clips as well as online ads, print ads, billboards and event marketing. Drinkers were invited to imbibe In An Absolut World, a fanciful, even surreal, place where common sense prevails and just deserts are always on the menu. For example, on planet Absolut, men can get pregnant, and lying leaders are exposed by their Pinocchio noses. In fact, Absolut was confronting the same problems as other market-leading brands in that everybody knows who they are, but what are they known for? Thus, The goal is to encourage a dialogue between customers and the brand. The ads proclaim, This is Absoluts view of the world; you respond, you react. Absolut ads aimed at minority consumers will also begin to feature the Absolut World theme. 7.1 Probable Marketing Objectives Since from 2003 to 2007 over 240 new brands of vodka came and many companies started focusing on the ultra-premium category, the marketing objectives of the In an Absolut World include robusting sales growth and re-establishing and re-cementing the Absoluts position in the vodka category in an extremely competitive environment. 7.2 Probable Communication/ Advertising Objectives The main communication of the In an Absolut World campaign is to provide the customers with an opportunity to interact, get involved and associated with the brand, since its customer survey found that the previous one never provided the opportunities for customers to interact and get involved with the brand. Furthermore, the campaign aimed at depicting that Absolut Vodka has a class of its own or a world of its own implicating that it is different and better than other brands. The idea is that Absolut Vodka is the quintessential vodka, the true vodka, and the standard by which you judge other things. 7.3 Target Market The target audience is 23 34 year urbanites. 7.4 Positioning Statement To inform urbanites that Absolut Vodka is the quintessential vodka, the true vodka, the standard by which consumers judge other Vodkas. 7.5 Creative Strategy The In an Absolut World advertising campaign requires that consumers imagine a world that appeals to them, something like a perfect world or a fantastic world, thus bringing about different opinions and points of view. Also it needs to these ads in countries worldwide with varying themes relevant to their region. 7.6 Creative Execution To achieve the creative strategy, they decided not only to show what an ABSOLUT WORLD looks like, but also to give consumers the chance to experience it in their daily lives. The idea was to publish the perfect newspaper and distribute it for free, with real editorial content that was entirely positive and interesting to read. Another idea was to perfect a taxi ride by supplying a fleet of free-of-charge Porsche taxis. The next idea was to make a unique experience at the nearest ATM cash machine by introducing the Happy Hour. 7.7 Media Strategy The campaign would be put in print ads, billboards, TV commercials, video clips as well as online ads (at absolut.com), and event marketing. Absolut turned its website into an online community where visitors can share and discuss their visions of an Absolut World, create and upload images, films, worlds, and sounds, create personal profiles; browse, comment, and develop the visions of others. 8. Evaluation of the In an Absolut World The campaign uses a combination of approaches in the major selling idea between creating a brand image, positioning and inherent drama. Absolut developed its strong, memorable identity through image advertising and positioned itself as the quintessential vodka in the consumers mind. The creative approach used in the campaign is appropriate for the target audience who is 25 34 year urbanites. The message can delivered to the target audience and executed in a combination of imagery and humor. For example, one of the ads shows an expectant couple and the husband is pregnant. Additionally, even though Absolut came up with many ads with different pictures, those ads were able to convey the message to the target audience effectively by using indirect headlines In an Absolut World as creative tactics for printing ads and TV commercials. Also, the message is short, clear, novel, and creative as well as provokes their thoughts. Most of the ads in the campaign use emotional appeal to attract the target audience while others create excitement and provoke thoughts. The ads and some TV commercials try to communicate with the target audience that people wish to see the world in a different manner according what an Absolut World means to them or their perceptions. For example, a TV commercial portrays a h